Photo Credit: Javier Brosch/Shutterstock
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Adoption centres, breeders, and rescue facilities have experienced a surge in demand for companion animals during the COVID-19 pandemic. The dramatic rise in companion animals during the pandemic is no coincidence. Public health measures have forced the relocation of office workers to the comfort of their homes, making it convenient to raise a new pet. Pets have also helped us cope with the psychological impacts which accompany a pandemic. By interacting with our pets, we trigger the release of oxytocin, which is a chemical dubbed as the ‘love hormone.’ Oxytocin helps to improve social interaction, reduce stress and anxiety, and enhance overall human health.
This rise of interest in pets comes as no surprise for scientists who have long studied the positive effects that interactions with companion animals have on humans. However, the benefits that our pets get out of these interactions are less clear.
Of course, human interaction with other animals is not a new phenomenon. For thousands of years, humans have shared affable relations with animals akin to present-day pets. It is probable that somewhere along the way, animals were domesticated by humans because they made life easier; dogs assisted with hunting and herding, for example. Eventually, some domesticated species transitioned into a new class of animals that persisted for reasons other than typical utility. Such animals resembled what we now refer to as pets.
Beginning in the Middle Ages, when pet-keeping was common among aristocrats, and up until the witch trials in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the middle class began keeping pets, pet owners faced backlash. According to some philosophers, human-animal relationships went against the natural order of life because animals lacked feelings and morality. Animals were only placed on the Earth to serve human beings, not to be their companions.
Historians cite the Victorian era (1837-1901) as the origin of the type of pet ownership we operate with today. By this point, the practice of pet-owning was a non-threatening link to the natural world. It also helped to reinforce the notion that humans dominate nature. When sentient beings like pets began being tagged as property and owned by humans, it gave humans the right of use, control, and dominion over them.
The troubling tale of human domination tied up with pet-owning gets overshadowed by the belief that pet-ownership is beneficial for all parties involved. Some people think that the practice of domesticating animals would not have been possible had the wild wolves not viewed the food scraps from hunter-gatherer groups as a beneficial resource when their hunting was difficult.
In the present day, many pets receive more than just leftovers; they have warm fluffy beds, are drowned in love and affection, and some even enjoy daily – if often tethered – excursions outside. Yet, the presence of this seemingly mutually beneficial relationship is not enough to justify placing a muzzle on the ethical debate over pet-owning. If we really love our pets, we would not own them anymore.
The idea that domestic animals benefit from being owned by humans is a façade. Like other property owned by humans, pets get marketed as a commodity. They are mass-produced, advertised, put in storage, shipped, bought, traded, replaced, returned, and in some instances, thrown out. Apart from weak animal cruelty laws, it remains up to the property owner to decide how to value and treat their property – in other words, their pet.
Organizations like PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) have fought hard to improve the welfare of domestic animals who routinely get commodified as objects. PETA believes it is our responsibility to take good care of domestic animals because they cannot survive on their own. But they strongly oppose animal mills and private breeders because animals in these environments are treated merely as “breeding machines” and denied proper companionship.
PETA encourages kind individuals to rescue one of the millions of animals on the streets or in neglectful environments. Humans can continue to own companion animals, granted that pets receive love and are treated well and cared for properly by their owners.
The challenge with mainstream animal liberation movements directed by welfare organizations like PETA is that their main goals are not radical enough. The issue with pets isn’t that they are poorly taken care of and thus require improved welfare; the problem with pets is that humans own them as property.
No matter how well one treats their pet, pets always retain their status as human property. A well-taken-care-of vehicle is just as much human property as a beloved pet is. The difference is that, unlike the car, a pet is a sentient being.
Gary Francione, an Animal Rights theorist and professor of Law and Philosophy at Rutgers University, offers a radical assessment of pet-owning that goes beyond welfare from the perspective of sentience. ‘Sentience’ refers to the capacity to experience mental or physical sensations of pain and pleasure; scientific studies verify the sentience of pet animals. For example, pets are known to avoid walking on burning hot pavement in the summertime and strategically position themselves in front of sun-spotted floors to enjoy midday naps.
He affirms that humans possess fundamental rights because they are sentient beings. The right to not be property is among the most critical right a sentient being can have. Since pet animals have sentience, they must share the right not to be property with us.
As a sentient species, we have declared the enslavement of fellow human beings a violation of basic human rights. Like Francione, I believe we should also declare the enslavement of fellow sentient animals to be a violation of basic rights and, in response, ban the practice of pet-owning.
To rectify the property-based relationship that humans have with pets, the practice of pet-owning must come to an end. Francione believes individuals who currently own a pet should take good care of the animal until it dies. Like PETA, he explains that adoption centres and rescue facilities must only care for and re-home existing animals because we must stop bringing more domestic animals into existence. But, unlike PETA, Francione takes stronger issue with pet ownership as a whole because owning another sentient being violates its right.
Disrupting the status quo is not an easy task, especially during a global pandemic. But when it comes to the tradition of owning pets, we have a moral obligation to retire the leash that we have historically fastened on pets, each of whom are fellow sentient beings that share with us the right to be free from being owned by another sentient being.
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Hannah Arsenault-Gallant is a Political and Legal Thought graduate student at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, where she researches Animal Rights theory.
You have written quite a compelling essay. However, just as any argumentative piece is required to make the reader ponder, if not uncomfortable, I do not find myself completely agreeing. I do not disagree, rather I am slightly confused. So the dogma that domesticated nonhuman animals exist and as such domestication is a necessity needs to be negated then? So, the long drawn out fix to this would be to house the current few generations of nonhuman animals and find ways to weed out breeding chains? While I would like for it to be pursued, is such an initiative possible and if so what do you think its repercussions would be?
I’m respectfully going to disagree with what I’ve read here. My animals are not my property, if anything I’m their property haha, they’re family, and unfortunately better friends than my own friends. Without pets there would be negative repercussions to peoples mental and physical health. Everything has a cause and effect.
What do you suggest we do with service animals? Shall we allow the people who require those animals to suffer and go about life without the proper services?
If you really think about the goal expressed at the end of this article it simply isn’t achievable, nor would it be practical. But, well written article.
.56 percent of the dog population are service animals and even then, MOST of them aren’t even necessary. Seeing eye dogs are no more effective than canes. Medical devices can detect when a person is having a seizure and alert authorities better than a dog can, meditation, exercise, proper human commuication etc. all more effective than therapy dogs which honestly just add stress to a person’s life and barely help.
We could also have community outreach programs for those people with disabilities, and we should be encouraging that anyway, humans interacting with humans, assisting eachother in meeting our needs. What makes you think only dogs are capable of leading the blind or alerting authorities of medical emergencies? Service dogs malfunction more often than devices or people do, and the consequences are often more disasterous. There have been people who have gotten mauled by service dogs which were meant to inform the paramedics of medical emergencies.
I’m also led to believe that the author probably is reffering to the recreational ownership of pets which accounts for 99.44% of dog ownership and probably 99.95% of pet ownership. We shouldn’t not care about the people with service dogs, but considering how little of a percentage of the dog population they make up.
Also I am not inclined to believe you have any solid evidence that the negative repercussions for people’s mental health would be all that disasterous, and in fact their physical health would improve. Parasitic infections, dog attacks, noise pollution, bacterial infections, all forms of zoonotic diseases and such, they wouldn’t be a problem anymore.
The average person would be healthier, furthermore, pets take time away from human interactions and put strain on relationships. LOTS of couples have disagreements over pets and have to break up, LOTS of people don’t feel safe in their own homes because a parent, sibling, roommate, or significant other brought a dog, particularly one of an aggressive breed like a pit, rotwieler, doberman etc. into their home. LOTS of people are allergic to cats or dogs. LOTS of people would have more time to interact with human beings, or they’d be FORCED to because they couldn’t fall back on animal interaction anymore. Human beings would be more properly socialized to other human beings.
I just don’t see any way in which its not an overwhealming net positive – i mean with the thing with people with disabilities we could even employ people to fulfill the roles the dogs served, a specific economic niche would expand. Plus given the environmental impact of cats and dogs and their ecological impact better not to keep them around.
I agree with your train of thought. I believe that too many people have pets for selfish reasons. We had a dog on the farm but the dog had it’s own life. He could go for a swim or chase a rabbit but never left the property. He came in at night but did not rest on the chesterfield or sleep in our beds.
Dear Ms. Arsenault-Gallant,
I’m sure it hasn’t escaped your notice that the right to own pets is NOT expressly granted by the U.S. Constitution. Your observation that historians identify the Victorian era (1837-1901) as the origin of the type of pet ownership we operate with today is quite compelling. Was such a right common to American law in 1789? I doubt it. Would you be interested in helping a campaign to ban pets in the U.S.?
The problem with pets is most of the time they disturb everyone around them that is not the owner. For every responsible owner there are 50 irresponsible owners. In my experience pets serve as an annoyance and represent filth for me.
There is nothing wrong with being a pet owner IF that pet owner treats the pet as lovingly as their human child, as I do. For myself, I have always had pets (cats) as a commitment for the life of the pet. The pet stays with me as a family member until it dies naturally-or if the pet gets seriously ill and would suffer by my keeping it alive-I have it “put to sleep” at the vet’s. The Bible says God Himself has a horse, and it mentions not being able to keep a type of wild animal the way people kept an animal on a leash for young women (probably some kind of dog)-God did not condemn pet ownership, and at the beginning of human existence in the Garden of Eden God gave all existing animals to Adam and Eve as companions. Animals did not become wild and eat each other until the Fall of Mankind.
I support animal laws to force people to be responsible pet owners….such as not buying them as “toys” that one discards if they get sick of them (either a life commitment or you don’t have a pet, period), forced vet visits for necessary shots, checkups, etc., severe fines or even jail time if people abandon pets in public or in the wild to fend for themselves, and better breeding standards for breeds, that breeders are forced to breed against diseases and not merely for the look of a breed-for example bull dogs and Persian cats must be able to breathe and not suffer for their flat faces. All animal fights must cease (dog fights, cock fights, Betta fish fights, etc.). For all of the above, I’m all in. But to deny responsible pet owners the joy of having any more pets after their current ones die off, plus denying future generations of little boys a puppy and old ladies a cat in their laps, is just plain wrong. It’s just one more thing that people are trying to do these days that is unnatural and goes against human nature. Some peoples’ human family members died off and don’t find it easy to fit into others’ lives, particularly for people stuck living where they are the cultural minority and it seems most people around them judge them for being culturally different or prefer to stick to their own kind and refuse them a seat at the table equally. Thanks to globalism, many people can’t live in a neighborhood community with people of their own culture anymore. For many of these it’s pretty lonely for them, and having a pet eases some of that loneliness. Not everyone is gifted with that with what makes a person popular-good looks, charm and an extroverted personality, and for those not gifted it’s hard to find people who will fill in the places that their family who died off left.
Dogs and cats have a shorter lifespan in the wild, rarely dying old and usually suffer non peaceful deaths-either getting too old to hunt and starving to death or being killed by illness or another animal. In between they may see their relatives killed or eaten in front of them, and are plagued with parasites their entire lives without relief. Animals lowest on the food chain, such as rabbits-provided they are allowed to live their lives inside the home and outside of a cage-are 100% better off as pets than living in the wild-because in the wild they constantly live in fear because almost EVERY meat-eating animal eats bunnies. Look up the term “rabbit binky” online in video form, such as YouTube…you’ll see bunnies doing their “happy dance”-proof positive that they feel just fine being someone’s indoor pet and that they don’t see themselves as a human’s captive slave. While I would agree that animals such as whales, dolphins, lions and bears are better off left alone in the wild, those creatures already domesticated are no worse off and may be even better off with (caring and responsible) people. The fact that such an animal lives longer in “captivity” shows that the animal has less stress in the wild. And it is said that cats domesticated themselves. Sorry to ramble on, but I am sick of having EVERYTHING in my culture seemingly taken away from me (I’m White and American) and animals are innocent and childlike, unchanging. I do not feel any mere human being has any right to deny me or any future-born person the right of pet ownership-provided they love that animal as their own and give it all the medical attention and love that creature needs.
Oops-I meant that animals that live longer with humans than in the wild have less stress THAN in the wild.
P.S. humans can either bring a bit of Heaven or Hell on Earth to animals, depending on how we treat them.
P.S.S. One can both keep domestic animals in existence and reduce the amount of unwanted animals by having smaller amounts of new animals being born and the ones already in existence being adopted first. But not phasing them out entirely.
P.S.S.S. I believe in “no kill” shelters only and that no animal should be “put down” unless it is suffering with an incurable illness that causes pain or a crippling issue that causes misery that can’t be stopped. And that foster care instead of being cooped up in cages 24-7 should be practiced for animals waiting for “forever homes”. One last thought-look up on the internet the video “zombie fox with rabies” and then look up the video “fox running away with cell phone”( both videos are on YouTube) and then ask yourselves which fox was really happier with their life in the end. (Yes foxes are being domesticated now-it takes a very special owner to have them as they are the needs of a dog with the independent nature of a cat!! Not for everyone!)